NFL · Empirical Bayes

True-Talent Leaderboards

A raw single-season rate is a noisy guess at a player’s real ability, and the noise is worst for the smallest samples — so a naïve leaderboard is topped by whoever got lucky in the fewest tries. This one shrinks every rate toward its position-group prior by how much the sample can be trusted, and shows a 90% credible interval instead of a point. Toggle raw vs. shrunk to watch the flukes fall back to the pack.

Catch rate · 2023

Receptions per target, shrunk within position (WR vs TE separately). Depth-of-target confound; catchable-target rate not available here.

Beats raw by
18.3%
lower out-of-sample error
RMSE raw → shrunk
11.1% → 9.1%
odd vs. even weeks
Split-half reliability
0.35
how repeatable the raw stat is
Stabilizes at
283 TE · 93 WR
targets to trust the number
shrunkrawthe shrink90% CI
50%60%70%TE avgWR avg1Evan EngramJAX · 14474.0%2Cole KmetCHI · 9073.8%3Dalton KincaidBUF · 9173.6%4Travis KelceKC · 12173.0%5Daniel BellingerNYG · 2873.0%6Taysom HillNO · 4072.8%7Trey McBrideARI · 10672.8%8Durham SmytheMIA · 4372.7%9T.J. HockensonMIN · 12772.5%10Foster MoreauNO · 2572.4%11Brock WrightDET · 1472.4%12Tanner HudsonCIN · 5072.4%13Drew SampleCIN · 2772.3%14Pharaoh BrownNE · 1572.2%15Luke FarrellJAX · 1572.2%16Tucker KraftGB · 4072.2%17Austin HooperLV · 3272.1%18Brevin JordanHOU · 2172.1%19Josh OliverMIN · 2872.1%20Isaiah LikelyBAL · 4071.9%21Will DisslySEA · 2271.9%22Mark AndrewsBAL · 6171.8%23Noah FantSEA · 4371.8%24Luke MusgraveGB · 4671.8%25Gerald EverettLAC · 7071.7%26Colby ParkinsonSEA · 3471.7%27George KittleSF · 9071.6%28Johnny MundtMIN · 2371.6%29MyCole PruittATL · 1271.6%30Mitchell WilcoxCIN · 1271.6%31Rashee RiceKC · 10270.5%32Khalil ShakirBUF · 4670.1%33Wan'Dale RobinsonNYG · 7869.3%34Kalif RaymondDET · 4468.2%35Braxton BerriosMIA · 3367.8%36Nelson AgholorBAL · 4567.7%37Derius DavisLAC · 1766.8%38Trenton IrwinCIN · 3266.8%39Jamison CrowderWAS · 2065.9%40Ray-Ray McCloudSF · 1565.2%41Isaiah McKenzieIND · 1464.9%

Each row is a player: the solid dot is the shrunk estimate, the hollow dot the raw rate, joined by the red pull of regression; the grey bar is the 90% credible interval. A hollow shrunk dot means the sample is below the stabilization line — the number is mostly the position prior. Switch to Raw rank and watch the small-sample names climb.

Catch rate · 2023 · full board

Catch rate leaderboard for the 2023 NFL season, shrunk by empirical Bayes with 90% credible intervals, ranked by the shrunk estimate.
#PlayerTeamPostargetsRawShrunk90% interval
1Evan Engram◦ provisionalJAXTE14479.2%74.0%70.5%77.5%
2Cole Kmet◦ provisionalCHITE9081.1%73.8%70.0%77.4%
3Dalton Kincaid◦ provisionalBUFTE9180.2%73.6%69.8%77.2%
4Travis Kelce◦ provisionalKCTE12176.9%73.0%69.4%76.6%
5Daniel Bellinger◦ provisionalNYGTE2889.3%73.0%68.8%77.1%
6Taysom Hill◦ provisionalNOTE4082.5%72.8%68.7%76.8%
7Trey McBride◦ provisionalARITE10676.4%72.8%69.0%76.4%
8Durham Smythe◦ provisionalMIATE4381.4%72.7%68.6%76.7%
9T.J. Hockenson◦ provisionalMINTE12774.8%72.5%68.8%76.0%
10Foster Moreau◦ provisionalNOTE2584.0%72.4%68.2%76.5%
11Brock Wright◦ provisionalDETTE1492.9%72.4%68.1%76.6%
12Tanner Hudson◦ provisionalCINTE5078.0%72.4%68.3%76.3%
13Drew Sample◦ provisionalCINTE2781.5%72.3%68.0%76.4%
14Pharaoh Brown◦ provisionalNETE1586.7%72.2%67.8%76.4%
15Luke Farrell◦ provisionalJAXTE1586.7%72.2%67.8%76.4%
16Tucker Kraft◦ provisionalGBTE4077.5%72.2%68.0%76.2%
17Austin Hooper◦ provisionalLVTE3278.1%72.1%67.9%76.2%
18Brevin Jordan◦ provisionalHOUTE2181.0%72.1%67.8%76.2%
19Josh Oliver◦ provisionalMINTE2878.6%72.1%67.8%76.2%
20Isaiah Likely◦ provisionalBALTE4075.0%71.9%67.7%75.9%
21Will Dissly◦ provisionalSEATE2277.3%71.9%67.5%76.0%
22Mark Andrews◦ provisionalBALTE6173.8%71.8%67.8%75.8%
23Noah Fant◦ provisionalSEATE4374.4%71.8%67.7%75.8%
24Luke Musgrave◦ provisionalGBTE4673.9%71.8%67.6%75.8%
25Gerald Everett◦ provisionalLACTE7072.9%71.7%67.7%75.6%
26Colby Parkinson◦ provisionalSEATE3473.5%71.7%67.4%75.7%
27George Kittle◦ provisionalSFTE9072.2%71.6%67.7%75.4%
28Johnny Mundt◦ provisionalMINTE2373.9%71.6%67.3%75.8%
29MyCole Pruitt◦ provisionalATLTE1275.0%71.6%67.2%75.8%
30Mitchell Wilcox◦ provisionalCINTE1275.0%71.6%67.2%75.8%
31Elijah Higgins◦ provisionalARITE1973.7%71.6%67.2%75.7%
32Cole Turner◦ provisionalWASTE1573.3%71.5%67.2%75.7%
33Jeremy Ruckert◦ provisionalNYJTE2272.7%71.5%67.2%75.7%
34Tommy Tremble◦ provisionalCARTE3271.9%71.5%67.2%75.6%
35Jonnu Smith◦ provisionalATLTE7071.4%71.4%67.4%75.3%
36Dallas Goedert◦ provisionalPHITE8371.1%71.4%67.4%75.2%
37Irv Smith◦ provisionalCINTE2669.2%71.2%66.9%75.4%
38Will Mallory◦ provisionalINDTE2669.2%71.2%66.9%75.4%
39C.J. Uzomah◦ provisionalNYJTE1266.7%71.2%66.8%75.5%
40Darren Waller◦ provisionalNYGTE7470.3%71.2%67.2%75.0%
41Chig Okonkwo◦ provisionalTENTE7770.1%71.2%67.2%75.0%
42Sam LaPorta◦ provisionalDETTE12270.5%71.1%67.4%74.8%
43Tyler Conklin◦ provisionalNYJTE8770.1%71.1%67.2%74.9%
44John Bates◦ provisionalWASTE2867.9%71.1%66.8%75.2%
45Robert Tonyan◦ provisionalCHITE1764.7%71.0%66.7%75.3%
46Logan Thomas◦ provisionalWASTE7969.6%71.0%67.0%74.9%
47Noah Gray◦ provisionalKCTE4168.3%71.0%66.8%75.1%
48Connor Heyward◦ provisionalPITTE3467.7%71.0%66.8%75.1%
49Harrison Bryant◦ provisionalCLETE2065.0%71.0%66.6%75.2%
50Cade Otton◦ provisionalTBTE6869.1%71.0%66.9%74.9%
51Hunter Henry◦ provisionalNETE6168.8%71.0%66.9%74.9%
52Jordan Akins◦ provisionalCLETE2365.2%71.0%66.6%75.1%
53Jake Ferguson◦ provisionalDALTE10269.6%70.9%67.1%74.7%
54Josh Whyle◦ provisionalTENTE1560.0%70.9%66.5%75.1%
55Lucas Krull◦ provisionalDENTE1457.1%70.8%66.3%75.0%
56Pat Freiermuth◦ provisionalPITTE4866.7%70.7%66.6%74.8%
57Donald Parham◦ provisionalLACTE4165.8%70.7%66.5%74.8%
58Michael Mayer◦ provisionalLVTE4165.8%70.7%66.5%74.8%
59Tyler Higbee◦ provisionalLATE7067.1%70.6%66.5%74.5%
60Luke Schoonmaker◦ provisionalDALTE1553.3%70.5%66.1%74.8%
61Rashee RiceKCWR10277.5%70.5%65.0%75.7%
62Adam Trautman◦ provisionalDENTE3562.9%70.5%66.2%74.6%
63CeeDee LambDALWR18274.2%70.3%65.7%74.8%
64Mo Alie-Cox◦ provisionalINDTE2356.5%70.3%65.9%74.5%
65Zach Ertz◦ provisionalARITE4362.8%70.3%66.1%74.4%
66Mike Gesicki◦ provisionalNETE4663.0%70.3%66.0%74.3%
67Dalton Schultz◦ provisionalHOUTE8966.3%70.2%66.2%74.0%
68Khalil Shakir◦ provisionalBUFWR4684.8%70.1%63.6%76.3%
69Stone Smartt◦ provisionalLACTE2152.4%70.1%65.7%74.3%
70Dawson Knox◦ provisionalBUFTE3759.5%70.0%65.8%74.2%
71Juwan Johnson◦ provisionalNOTE5962.7%69.9%65.8%73.9%
72Adam ThielenCARWR13874.6%69.9%64.8%74.8%
73Hayden Hurst◦ provisionalCARTE3256.3%69.9%65.6%74.1%
74Stephen Sullivan◦ provisionalCARTE2450.0%69.8%65.4%74.0%
75David Njoku◦ provisionalCLETE12365.8%69.7%65.9%73.4%
76Kylen Granson◦ provisionalINDTE5060.0%69.7%65.5%73.8%
77Andrew Ogletree◦ provisionalINDTE2142.9%69.5%65.0%73.7%
78Wan'Dale Robinson◦ provisionalNYGWR7876.9%69.3%63.3%74.9%
79Amon-Ra St. BrownDETWR16572.1%68.8%64.0%73.4%
80Keenan AllenLACWR15072.0%68.5%63.5%73.3%
81Kyle Pitts◦ provisionalATLTE9058.9%68.4%64.4%72.3%
82Kalif Raymond◦ provisionalDETWR4479.5%68.2%61.5%74.6%
83Nico CollinsHOUWR11072.7%68.2%62.7%73.5%
84Braxton Berrios◦ provisionalMIAWR3381.8%67.8%60.8%74.5%
85Nelson Agholor◦ provisionalBALWR4577.8%67.7%61.0%74.1%
86DeVonta SmithPHIWR11371.7%67.7%62.3%73.0%
87Brandon AiyukSFWR10571.4%67.4%61.8%72.8%
88Zay FlowersBALWR10970.6%67.1%61.5%72.4%
89Tyreek HillMIAWR17269.2%67.0%62.1%71.6%
90DJ MooreCHIWR13869.6%66.9%61.7%71.9%
91Derius Davis◦ provisionalLACWR1788.2%66.8%59.2%74.0%
92Trenton Irwin◦ provisionalCINWR3278.1%66.8%59.7%73.5%
93Michael PittmanINDWR15869.0%66.7%61.8%71.5%
94Ja'Marr ChaseCINWR14569.0%66.6%61.5%71.5%
95Jaylen WaddleMIAWR10469.2%66.2%60.6%71.7%
96Josh DownsINDWR9869.4%66.2%60.5%71.7%
97Jamison Crowder◦ provisionalWASWR2080.0%65.9%58.4%73.0%
98Tyler BoydCINWR9868.4%65.7%59.9%71.2%
99Jake Bobo◦ provisionalSEAWR2576.0%65.6%58.3%72.7%
100A.J. BrownPHIWR15867.1%65.5%60.5%70.4%
101Justin JeffersonMINWR10068.0%65.5%59.8%71.0%
102Curtis Samuel◦ provisionalWASWR9168.1%65.5%59.6%71.1%
103Parris Campbell◦ provisionalNYGWR2774.1%65.4%58.1%72.4%
104Parker Washington◦ provisionalJAXWR2176.2%65.3%57.8%72.5%
105Jaxon Smith-NjigbaSEAWR9367.7%65.3%59.5%70.9%
106Ray-Ray McCloud◦ provisionalSFWR1580.0%65.2%57.5%72.6%
107Kadarius Toney◦ provisionalKCWR3871.0%65.2%58.3%71.9%
108Stefon DiggsBUFWR16166.5%65.1%60.2%70.0%
109Jayden ReedGBWR9567.4%65.1%59.3%70.8%
110Allen Robinson◦ provisionalPITWR4969.4%65.1%58.4%71.5%
111Mike Williams◦ provisionalLACWR2673.1%65.1%57.8%72.1%
112Deebo Samuel Sr.◦ provisionalSFWR8967.4%65.1%59.2%70.8%
113Jakobi MeyersLVWR10667.0%65.0%59.4%70.5%
114Isaiah McKenzie◦ provisionalINDWR1478.6%64.9%57.2%72.3%
115Christian Kirk◦ provisionalJAXWR8567.1%64.9%58.9%70.6%
116Puka NacuaLAWR16065.6%64.6%59.6%69.5%
117Dontayvion Wicks◦ provisionalGBWR5867.2%64.5%58.0%70.8%
118Kendrick Bourne◦ provisionalNEWR5567.3%64.5%57.9%70.8%
119Deonte Harty◦ provisionalBUFWR2171.4%64.4%56.9%71.6%
120Quez Watkins◦ provisionalPHIWR2171.4%64.4%56.9%71.6%
121Brandin Cooks◦ provisionalDALWR8265.8%64.3%58.2%70.1%
122River Cracraft◦ provisionalMIAWR1275.0%64.2%56.4%71.8%
123Hunter Renfrow◦ provisionalLVWR3767.6%64.2%57.1%71.0%
124Demarcus Robinson◦ provisionalLAWR3966.7%64.0%57.0%70.7%
125Richie James◦ provisionalKCWR1471.4%64.0%56.2%71.4%
126Deven Thompkins◦ provisionalTBWR2568.0%63.9%56.5%71.0%
127Jordan AddisonMINWR10864.8%63.9%58.3%69.4%
128Kyle Philips◦ provisionalTENWR2268.2%63.9%56.4%71.1%
129Marvin Mims Jr.◦ provisionalDENWR3366.7%63.8%56.7%70.7%
130Courtland Sutton◦ provisionalDENWR9164.8%63.8%57.9%69.6%
131Brandon Powell◦ provisionalMINWR4465.9%63.8%57.0%70.5%
132Lil'Jordan Humphrey◦ provisionalDENWR1968.4%63.8%56.2%71.1%
133Scott Miller◦ provisionalATLWR1668.8%63.7%56.0%71.1%
134Lynn Bowden◦ provisionalNOWR1668.8%63.7%56.0%71.1%
135Jamal Agnew◦ provisionalJAXWR2166.7%63.5%56.0%70.8%
136KaVontae Turpin◦ provisionalDALWR1866.7%63.5%55.8%70.8%
137A.T. Perry◦ provisionalNOWR1866.7%63.5%55.8%70.8%
138Michael Wilson◦ provisionalARIWR5964.4%63.4%56.9%69.8%
139K.J. Osborn◦ provisionalMINWR7564.0%63.3%57.2%69.4%
140Tyler LockettSEAWR12463.7%63.3%57.9%68.6%
141Ben Skowronek◦ provisionalLAWR1266.7%63.3%55.4%70.9%
142Chris Godwin Jr.TBWR13163.4%63.1%57.8%68.4%
143Rondale Moore◦ provisionalARIWR6363.5%63.1%56.7%69.3%
144Darius Slayton◦ provisionalNYGWR7963.3%63.0%56.9%69.0%
145Isaiah Hodgins◦ provisionalNYGWR3363.6%63.0%55.9%70.0%
146Byron Pringle◦ provisionalWASWR2263.6%63.0%55.5%70.3%
147Chris Moore◦ provisionalTENWR3562.9%62.8%55.7%69.7%
148Mecole Hardman◦ provisionalKCWR2462.5%62.8%55.3%70.0%
149Malik Heath◦ provisionalGBWR2462.5%62.8%55.3%70.0%
150Josh Reynolds◦ provisionalDETWR6462.5%62.7%56.3%68.9%
151Chris OlaveNOWR13962.6%62.7%57.4%67.8%
152Josh Palmer◦ provisionalLACWR6162.3%62.6%56.1%68.9%
153Jerry Jeudy◦ provisionalDENWR8762.1%62.5%56.5%68.3%
154DeMario Douglas◦ provisionalNEWR7962.0%62.5%56.3%68.4%
155JuJu Smith-Schuster◦ provisionalNEWR4761.7%62.5%55.6%69.1%
156KhaDarel Hodge◦ provisionalATLWR2360.9%62.4%54.9%69.7%
157David Bell◦ provisionalCLEWR2360.9%62.4%54.9%69.7%
158Brandon Johnson◦ provisionalDENWR3161.3%62.4%55.2%69.5%
159Tank Dell◦ provisionalHOUWR7661.8%62.4%56.2%68.4%
160Jalen Tolbert◦ provisionalDALWR3661.1%62.4%55.2%69.2%
161Andrei Iosivas◦ provisionalCINWR2560.0%62.2%54.8%69.4%
162Nick Westbrook-Ikhine◦ provisionalTENWR4660.9%62.2%55.3%68.8%
163Drake LondonATLWR11261.6%62.2%56.5%67.7%
164Rashid Shaheed◦ provisionalNOWR7561.3%62.2%55.9%68.2%
165Mack Hollins◦ provisionalATLWR3060.0%62.1%54.8%69.2%
166Romeo DoubsGBWR9661.5%62.1%56.3%67.9%
167Michael Thomas◦ provisionalNOWR6460.9%62.1%55.6%68.3%
168Julio Jones◦ provisionalPHIWR1957.9%62.0%54.3%69.4%
169Tim Jones◦ provisionalJAXWR1957.9%62.0%54.3%69.4%
170Cooper KuppLAWR9760.8%61.8%55.9%67.5%
171DeVante Parker◦ provisionalNEWR5560.0%61.8%55.1%68.2%
172Michael Gallup◦ provisionalDALWR5759.7%61.6%55.0%68.0%
173Tyquan Thornton◦ provisionalNEWR2356.5%61.6%54.0%68.9%
174Greg Dortch◦ provisionalARIWR4158.5%61.5%54.5%68.3%
175Jauan Jennings◦ provisionalSFWR3357.6%61.5%54.2%68.5%
176Terrace Marshall Jr.◦ provisionalCARWR3357.6%61.5%54.2%68.5%
177Cedrick Wilson Jr.◦ provisionalMIAWR3857.9%61.4%54.3%68.3%
178Noah Brown◦ provisionalHOUWR5658.9%61.4%54.7%67.8%
179Calvin Austin III◦ provisionalPITWR3056.7%61.3%54.0%68.4%
180Jalin Hyatt◦ provisionalNYGWR4057.5%61.2%54.2%68.1%
181Terry McLaurinWASWR13259.9%61.1%55.7%66.4%
182Jameson Williams◦ provisionalDETWR4257.1%61.1%54.1%67.8%
183Jahan Dotson◦ provisionalWASWR8359.0%61.0%54.9%67.0%
184George PickensPITWR10659.4%61.0%55.3%66.6%
185Alex Erickson◦ provisionalLACWR2955.2%61.0%53.6%68.2%
186Tre Tucker◦ provisionalLVWR3455.9%61.0%53.8%68.0%
187Diontae Johnson◦ provisionalPITWR8758.6%60.8%54.7%66.7%
188Keelan Doss◦ provisionalLACWR1346.2%60.8%52.9%68.4%
189Ronnie Bell◦ provisionalSFWR1346.2%60.8%52.9%68.4%
190Dyami Brown◦ provisionalWASWR2352.2%60.7%53.2%68.0%
191Rashod Bateman◦ provisionalBALWR5657.1%60.7%54.0%67.2%
192Skyy Moore◦ provisionalKCWR3855.3%60.6%53.5%67.5%
193Xavier Gipson◦ provisionalNYJWR3855.3%60.6%53.5%67.5%
194Olamide Zaccheaus◦ provisionalPHIWR2050.0%60.6%52.9%68.0%
195Donovan Peoples-Jones◦ provisionalDETWR2552.0%60.5%53.0%67.8%
196Tutu Atwell◦ provisionalLAWR6857.4%60.5%54.1%66.8%
197John Metchie III◦ provisionalHOUWR3053.3%60.5%53.2%67.6%
198Treylon Burks◦ provisionalTENWR3053.3%60.5%53.2%67.6%
199Ty Montgomery◦ provisionalNEWR1241.7%60.4%52.4%68.1%
200Trent Sherfield◦ provisionalBUFWR2250.0%60.4%52.8%67.8%
201Tyler Scott◦ provisionalCHIWR3253.1%60.3%53.1%67.4%
202Quentin Johnston◦ provisionalLACWR6756.7%60.3%53.8%66.5%
203Davante AdamsLVWR17558.9%60.2%55.3%65.1%
204Trey Palmer◦ provisionalTBWR6956.5%60.1%53.7%66.4%
205Jalen Guyton◦ provisionalLACWR2147.6%60.0%52.4%67.5%
206Mike EvansTBWR13757.7%59.8%54.4%65.0%
207Elijah MooreCLEWR10456.7%59.6%53.8%65.3%
208Odell Beckham Jr.◦ provisionalBALWR6454.7%59.5%53.0%65.9%
209Sterling Shepard◦ provisionalNYGWR2245.5%59.5%51.9%66.9%
210Tee Higgins◦ provisionalCINWR7655.3%59.4%53.1%65.6%
211Samori Toure◦ provisionalGBWR1942.1%59.3%51.6%66.8%
212Xavier Hutchinson◦ provisionalHOUWR1942.1%59.3%51.6%66.8%
213Christian Watson◦ provisionalGBWR5352.8%59.2%52.4%65.8%
214Gabe Davis◦ provisionalBUFWR8254.9%59.1%52.9%65.1%
215Marquise Goodwin◦ provisionalCLEWR1330.8%58.9%50.9%66.6%
216Zay Jones◦ provisionalJAXWR6453.1%58.9%52.3%65.3%
217Marquez Valdes-Scantling◦ provisionalKCWR4250.0%58.8%51.8%65.7%
218Garrett WilsonNYJWR16856.5%58.8%53.7%63.7%
219DJ Chark◦ provisionalCARWR6653.0%58.8%52.3%65.1%
220DK MetcalfSEAWR11955.5%58.7%53.1%64.2%
221Robert Woods◦ provisionalHOUWR7553.3%58.6%52.3%64.8%
222Justin Watson◦ provisionalKCWR5350.9%58.5%51.7%65.1%
223Amari CooperCLEWR13055.4%58.5%53.0%63.9%
224Calvin RidleyJAXWR13755.5%58.4%53.1%63.7%
225Chase Claypool◦ provisionalMIAWR2138.1%58.3%50.6%65.8%
226Darnell Mooney◦ provisionalCHIWR6150.8%58.1%51.5%64.5%
227DeAndre HopkinsTENWR13754.7%58.0%52.6%63.3%
228Cedric Tillman◦ provisionalCLEWR4447.7%58.0%51.0%64.8%
229Zach Pascal◦ provisionalARIWR1526.7%57.8%49.9%65.5%
230Van Jefferson◦ provisionalATLWR4346.5%57.6%50.6%64.5%
231Allen Lazard◦ provisionalNYJWR4946.9%57.3%50.4%64.1%
232Alec Pierce◦ provisionalINDWR6549.2%57.2%50.7%63.6%
233Randall Cobb◦ provisionalNYJWR1827.8%57.1%49.3%64.8%
234Jonathan Mingo◦ provisionalCARWR8550.6%57.0%50.8%63.0%
235Jalen Reagor◦ provisionalNEWR2330.4%56.4%48.8%63.9%
236Marquise BrownARIWR10449.0%55.5%49.7%61.3%

How the shrinkage works

Two estimators

Rate stats (completion %, success rate, catch rate) use a beta-binomial model: a Beta(α, β) prior fit by marginal likelihood over each position group, then a Beta posterior per player. Per-play averages (EPA, CPOE, yards) use a normal-normal model with DerSimonian–Laird between-player variance. Both pull each player toward their group by exactly how thin their sample is.

Does it help? & the fine print

The trust panel’s numbers come from a leakage-free odd/even-week holdout: fit on odd weeks, predict even-week raw. Shrinkage lowers out-of-sample error for every stat. Priors are fit per season and per position (WR and TE separately), so a TE’s baseline isn’t a skill. Regular season only, 2016–2025. Rushing and receiving efficiency are heavily scheme-driven — read the wide bands as the honesty they are.

Source: nflverse play-by-play. Counted and computed deterministically — never modeled by a language model. Built by build_nfl_leaderboards.py (byte-reproducible).